Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah (MBS) yang lengkapnya merupakan pendekatan School Base Quality Management merupakan konsep yang menekankan kerja sama erat antara sekolah, masyarakat dan pemerintah dengan tanggung jawab masing-masing. Menurut konsep ini, sekolah harus mampu menerjemahkan dan menangkap esensi kebijakan makro pendidikan serta memahami kondisi lingkungannya. Kemudian melalui proses prencanaan, sekolah harus memformulasikan ke dalam kebijakan mikro melalui bentuk-bentuk program prioritas yang harus dilaksanakan dan dievaluasi oleh sekolah yang bersangkutan. Pendekatan ini menekankan kemandirian dan kreativitas sekolah.
Sekolah menurut konsep ini memiliki tanggung jawab untuk mengelola dirinya, berkaitan dengan masalah-masalah administrasi, keuangan dan fungsi personal setiap sekolah di dalam arah dan kebijakan yang telah dirumuskan. Strategi MBS harusnya dilakukan secara bertahap. Dimulai dengan penyusunan basis data dan profil sekolah yang lebih presentif, akurat, valid dan secara sistematis menyangkut berbagai aspek akademis, administratif dan keuangan.
Tahap selanjutnya melakukan evaluasi diri (self assessment) untuk menganalisa kekuatan dan kelemahan sumber daya sekolah dalam mencapai target kurikulum.
Berdasarkan analisa tersebut, sekolah mengidentifikasi kebutuhan dan merumuskan visi, misi dan tujuan. Penyusunan program jangka panjang dan jangka pendek termasuk anggarannya merupakan langkah selanjutnya.
Satu tahap diatas penyusunan prioritas yang seringkali tidak terealisir dalam waktu satu tahun program sekolah, harus dibuat strategi perencanaan dan pengembangan jangka panjang melalui identifikasi kunci dan prioritas kebijakan. Tahap yang juga penting adalah monitoring dan evaluasi untuk meyakinkan apakah program yang telah direncanakan dapat terlaksana atau tidak
Senin, 30 Maret 2009
Rabu, 18 Maret 2009
Karakteristik PTK
Karakteristik PTK ditinjau dari aspek
a. An inquiry of practice from within
Karakteristik pertama dari penelitian tindakan kelas bahwa kegiatan tersebut dimulai oleh permasalahan praktis yang dialami oleh guru dalam melaksanakan tugas sehari-harinya sebagai pengelola program pembelajaran di dalam kelas atau sebagai jajaran staf pengajar di sekolah. Dengan kata lain penelitian tindakan kelas bersifat practice driven dan action driven, dalam arti bahwa penelitian tindakan kelas bertujuan memperbaiki praksis secara langsung ‘disini’, ‘sekarang’ sehingga seringkali istilah penelitian tindakan kelas dipertukarkan dengan istilah penelitian praktis.
b. Self-reflective inquiry
metode utama adalah refleksi diri, bersifat agak longgar, tetapi tetap mengikuti kaidah-kaidah penelitian).
c. lokasi/tempat penelitian
Penelitian Tindakan kelas dilakukan di dalam kelas
d. tujuan penelitian
Pada intinya PTK bertujuan untuk memperbaiki berbagai persoalan nyata dan praktis dalam peningkatan mutu pembelajaran di kelas yang dialami langsung dalam interaksi antara guru dengan siswa yang sedang belajar.
Secara lebih rinci, tujuan PTK antara lain sebagai berikut :
1. Meningkatkan mutu isi, masukan, proses, serta hasil pendidikan dan pembelajaran di sekolah
2. Membantu guru dan tenaga kependidikan lainnya mengatasi masalah pembelajaran dan pendidikan di dalam dan luar kelas
3. Meningkatkan sikap profesional pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan
4. Menumbuhkembangkan budaya akademik di lingkungan sekolah, sehingga tercipta sikap proaktif di dalam melakukan perbaikan mutu pendidikan dan pembelajaran secara berkelanjutan
e. Sumber masalah
Sumber masalah berasal dari Pribadi seorang guru, siswa, kepala sekolah ataupun teman sejawat yang ikut berpartisipasi dalam proses pembelajaran.
f. Keterlibatan Peneliti
Guru terlibat langsung sebagai peneliti
g. Sampel penelitian
Sampel penelitian berasal dari kasus yang khusus
h. Metodologi
metodologi yang digunakan PTK tidak seketat seperti penelitian biasa, penulis tetap menggunakan prosedur atau langkah-langkah penulisan laporan secara jelas agar pembaca bisa mengetahui prosedur yang dipakai, jujur dan tidak memihak.
i. Penafsiran hasil penelitian
Penafsiran peneliti dipandang lebih penting daripada validitas internal.
Penafsiran hasil penelitian untuk memahami praktik melalui refleksi oleh praktisi yang membangun
j. Hasil akhir
Kegiatan pembelajaran menjadi lebih baik daripadasebelumnya.
a. An inquiry of practice from within
Karakteristik pertama dari penelitian tindakan kelas bahwa kegiatan tersebut dimulai oleh permasalahan praktis yang dialami oleh guru dalam melaksanakan tugas sehari-harinya sebagai pengelola program pembelajaran di dalam kelas atau sebagai jajaran staf pengajar di sekolah. Dengan kata lain penelitian tindakan kelas bersifat practice driven dan action driven, dalam arti bahwa penelitian tindakan kelas bertujuan memperbaiki praksis secara langsung ‘disini’, ‘sekarang’ sehingga seringkali istilah penelitian tindakan kelas dipertukarkan dengan istilah penelitian praktis.
b. Self-reflective inquiry
metode utama adalah refleksi diri, bersifat agak longgar, tetapi tetap mengikuti kaidah-kaidah penelitian).
c. lokasi/tempat penelitian
Penelitian Tindakan kelas dilakukan di dalam kelas
d. tujuan penelitian
Pada intinya PTK bertujuan untuk memperbaiki berbagai persoalan nyata dan praktis dalam peningkatan mutu pembelajaran di kelas yang dialami langsung dalam interaksi antara guru dengan siswa yang sedang belajar.
Secara lebih rinci, tujuan PTK antara lain sebagai berikut :
1. Meningkatkan mutu isi, masukan, proses, serta hasil pendidikan dan pembelajaran di sekolah
2. Membantu guru dan tenaga kependidikan lainnya mengatasi masalah pembelajaran dan pendidikan di dalam dan luar kelas
3. Meningkatkan sikap profesional pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan
4. Menumbuhkembangkan budaya akademik di lingkungan sekolah, sehingga tercipta sikap proaktif di dalam melakukan perbaikan mutu pendidikan dan pembelajaran secara berkelanjutan
e. Sumber masalah
Sumber masalah berasal dari Pribadi seorang guru, siswa, kepala sekolah ataupun teman sejawat yang ikut berpartisipasi dalam proses pembelajaran.
f. Keterlibatan Peneliti
Guru terlibat langsung sebagai peneliti
g. Sampel penelitian
Sampel penelitian berasal dari kasus yang khusus
h. Metodologi
metodologi yang digunakan PTK tidak seketat seperti penelitian biasa, penulis tetap menggunakan prosedur atau langkah-langkah penulisan laporan secara jelas agar pembaca bisa mengetahui prosedur yang dipakai, jujur dan tidak memihak.
i. Penafsiran hasil penelitian
Penafsiran peneliti dipandang lebih penting daripada validitas internal.
Penafsiran hasil penelitian untuk memahami praktik melalui refleksi oleh praktisi yang membangun
j. Hasil akhir
Kegiatan pembelajaran menjadi lebih baik daripadasebelumnya.
Pengertian PTK
Pengetian PTK dari berbagai sudut pandang:
a.Menurut Carr & Kemmis
Penelitian Tindakan Kelas adalah suatu bentuk refleksi diri yang dilakukan oleh partisipan (guru, siswa, kepala sekolah dll) dalam situasi sosial (termasuk pendidikan) untuk memperbaiki rasionalitas dan kebenaran
b.Menurut Mills
Any systematic inquiry conducted by teacher researchers ... to gather information about how their particular schools operate, how they teach, and how well their students learn
Disimpulkan penelitian tindakan kelas merupakan suatu penelitian yang bersifat reflektif, dilakukan oleh guru untuk meningkatkan kemampuan rasional dari tindakan yang dilakukannya itu, serta untuk memperbaiki atau meningkatkan kondisi praktek pembelajaran di kelasnya.
c.Hasil Adaptasi Carr & Kemmis serta Mills
Penelitian tindakan kelas adalah penelitian yang dilakukan oleh guru didalam kelasnya sendiri melalui refleksi diri, sehingga dapat memperbaiki dan meningkatkan pembelajaran di kelasnya, sehingga kemampuan siswa meningkat dan menjadi baik.
a.Menurut Carr & Kemmis
Penelitian Tindakan Kelas adalah suatu bentuk refleksi diri yang dilakukan oleh partisipan (guru, siswa, kepala sekolah dll) dalam situasi sosial (termasuk pendidikan) untuk memperbaiki rasionalitas dan kebenaran
b.Menurut Mills
Any systematic inquiry conducted by teacher researchers ... to gather information about how their particular schools operate, how they teach, and how well their students learn
Disimpulkan penelitian tindakan kelas merupakan suatu penelitian yang bersifat reflektif, dilakukan oleh guru untuk meningkatkan kemampuan rasional dari tindakan yang dilakukannya itu, serta untuk memperbaiki atau meningkatkan kondisi praktek pembelajaran di kelasnya.
c.Hasil Adaptasi Carr & Kemmis serta Mills
Penelitian tindakan kelas adalah penelitian yang dilakukan oleh guru didalam kelasnya sendiri melalui refleksi diri, sehingga dapat memperbaiki dan meningkatkan pembelajaran di kelasnya, sehingga kemampuan siswa meningkat dan menjadi baik.
Rabu, 11 Maret 2009
REMEDIAL ENGLISH TEST
Read this passage carefully!
Electric Currents in Modern Art
Modern sculpture rarely surprises us anymore. The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums is mistaken. Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture on display in public place. Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops. We have got quite used to them some so called modern places have been on display for nearly fifty years. In spite of this, some people - including myself - were surprised by a recent exhibition of modern sculpture. The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice which said. 'Do not touch the exhibition some of them are dangerous!'
The objects on display were places of moving sculpture. Oddly shaped forms that are suspended from the ceiling and move in response to a gust of wind are quite familiar to everybody. These objects, however, were different, Lined up against the wall , there were long thin wires attached to metal spheres. The spheres had been magnetized and attracted or repelled each other all the time. In the center of the hall, there were a number of tan structures which contained colored lights. These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad. Sparks were emitted from small black boxer and read lamps flashed on and off angrily. It was rather like an axhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment. These peculiar forms not only seemed designed to shock people emotionally, but to give them electric shocks as well!
Electric Currents in Modern Art
Modern sculpture rarely surprises us anymore. The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums is mistaken. Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture on display in public place. Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops. We have got quite used to them some so called modern places have been on display for nearly fifty years. In spite of this, some people - including myself - were surprised by a recent exhibition of modern sculpture. The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice which said. 'Do not touch the exhibition some of them are dangerous!'
The objects on display were places of moving sculpture. Oddly shaped forms that are suspended from the ceiling and move in response to a gust of wind are quite familiar to everybody. These objects, however, were different, Lined up against the wall , there were long thin wires attached to metal spheres. The spheres had been magnetized and attracted or repelled each other all the time. In the center of the hall, there were a number of tan structures which contained colored lights. These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad. Sparks were emitted from small black boxer and read lamps flashed on and off angrily. It was rather like an axhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment. These peculiar forms not only seemed designed to shock people emotionally, but to give them electric shocks as well!
Selasa, 10 Maret 2009
Judul PTK
| Judul PTK yang baik seharusnya hendaknya memenuhi kriteria singkat, spesifik, jelas menggambarkan masalah yang diteliti, tindakan untuk mengatasi masalah, dan lokasi (tempat) penelitian. Kriteria singkat, secara kuantitatif dapat dibatasi maksimal 15 kata namun sudah memuat masalah yang diteliti dan tindakan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut serta lokasi PTK. Untuk membuat judul yang memenuhi kriteria tersebut diperlukan keterampilan guru dalam menggunakan bahasa secara efektif. Kriteria spesifik, merupakan kriteria yang dikaitkan dengan spesifikasi PTK bahwa PTK merupakan penelitian tindakan untuk mengatasi permasalahan pembelajaran yang terjadi di kelas. Dalam hal ini, kriteria spesifik menggambarkan permasalahan yang dialami dalam proses pembelajaran di kelas tertentu sesuai situasi dan kondisi spesifik dalam kelas tersebut, yang tentunya berbeda dengan kelas lain, atau bahkan sekolah lain. Kriteria jelas menggambarkan masalah yang diteliti mengandung pengertian bahwa judul PTK hendaknya dibuat secara lugas dan jelas mencerminkan permasalahan penelitian sehingga tidak menimbulkan kerancuan atau bias dalam pemaknaannya. Dalam hal ini, judul PTK jelas menggambarkan bahwa masalah yang diteliti dalam PTK merupakan masalah urgen dan mendesak. Jika tidak segera ditangani, akan membawa dampak menurunnya kualitas pembelajaran dan kompetensi siswa. Permasalahan tersebut diangkat berdasarkan hasil analisis masalah yang jeli dan matang yang dilakukan oleh guru berdasarkan kondisi empiris dan teoretis. Dalam hal ini, guru dapat mengangkat masalah karena menemukan adanya kesenjangan antara kenyataan dan harapan. Dengan kata lain, kenyataan bahwa proses dan hasil pembelajaran yang tidak memenuhi harapan (kondisi ideal) patut dipertimbangkan dan dianalisis urgensinya untuk diangkat menjadi masalah PTK. Kriteria tindakan untuk mengatasi masalah juga harus tecermin dalam judul PTK karena kriteria ini menunjukkan hasil analisis guru dalam upaya mengatasi permasalahan dalam pembelajaran yang dilakukannya, baik melalui kajian empiris dan teoritis. Jika diumpamakan permasalahan yang muncul itu merupakan penyakit, maka tindakan yang dilakukan merupakan bentuk pengobatan dalam menyembuhkan penyakit. Untuk menentukan obat secara tepat maka diagnosis terhadap penyakit yang diderita juga harus tepat. Kesalahan diagnosis akan menyebabkan kesalahan pemberian obat, sehingga bukan kesembuhan yang diperoleh justru sebaliknya akan berakibat fatal bagi penderita. Dalam PTK juga demikian, jika identifikasi dan hasil analisis yang dilakukan guru terhadap permasalahan yang dihadapi di kelas dilakukan secara analitis dan teliti, guru dapat mendiagnosis secara tepat permasalahan yang terjadi dan penyebabnya. Selanjutnya, analisis guru tidak berhenti di sini. Selain dapat menentukan tepat permasalahan yang terjadi dan penyebabnya, guru juga harus dapat menentukan secara pasti tindakan yang tepat untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Dengan tindakan tepat, harapannya permasalahan yang terjadi akan dapat ditangani dengan baik. Kriteria lokasi menunjukkan lokasi PTK. Karena PTK merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilakukan di kelas, maka dalam judul PTK diupayakan jelas menunjukkan lokasi kelas PTK tersebut dilakukan. Judul berikut merupakan contoh judul yang memenuhi kriteria PTK: Peningkatan Pemahaman tentang Himpunan melalui Lingkungan pada Siswa SMP ISLAM RENGASDENGKLOK. Judul tersebut singkat; spesifik; namun jelas menggambarkan masalah yang diteliti. |
Sabtu, 07 Februari 2009
In praise of pragmatic foreign policy
State college, President-elect Obama will soon take charge of government that is materially and morally depleted. One thing he will not be short of, however, is advice on how to run the world. Among those most willing not be short of, however, is advice on how to run the world . Among those most willing to offer him guidance on foreign policy will be the proponents of realism and idealism. He would do well to ignore both and instead seek an approach that reflect another “ism” – Pragmatism.
When not offering the realist are usually found debating each other. The realist – exemplified by former Secretary of state Henry Kissinger – says it is anarchy out there so every country’s survival, even it that negatively affects other countries
The idealist – exemplified by President Woodrow Wilson – believe, a bit like Rodney King, that all nations ought to be able to just get along. They say countries should cooperate because all will be better off and that, in today’s ever more globalized world, no country can go at alone
To be sure the realist/idealist debate is not the only one international affairs. The expert place themselves in many camps as they do battle over a world with which some of them have had little contact. But they are two colors journalistist and pundits often use when painting a picture of foreign policy.
George W. Bush was described as coming to power as a hard-nosed realist who scomed enterprises enterprises such as nation building. now a common story line has him leaving office as an idealist who believes there is nothing agood dose democracy - spoon-fed by massive US intervention, if need be - won't cure. Bill Clinton, on the other hand, was said to have arrived in Washington as an idealist, only to leave as a realist. Having to confront the limits to which other countries are willing and able to cooperate can make a leader feel mugged by reality.
Can a president's worldview realy change so radically? or is it just a change in tactics and the therotic used to disguise them? Regardless, Obama should avoid the grand theorities and base his policies on pragmatism. pragmatism does not rigidly adhere to any ideology, but instead simply ask: Will this work? That doesnot imply ognoring our principless, but it does require an appreciation for the art of the possible. Pragmatism, like bipartisanship, is promised far more often than it is delivered. Hillary Clinton asserted in her confirmation hearings this week that the new administration will have a pragmatic foreign policy. That won't be easy, as it is more likely to procedure result in the long run than sound bites for the next news cycle. And her effectiveness abroad may be limmited by the pressure she'll face to respond to interest groups at home. it will also lead to criticism from realists and idealists. consider missile defense and NATO expansion. Missile defense is popular with realist because it fits their philosophy and because they are often found in think tanks supported by defense contractors. it is a system that does not work, how ever, to combat a threat that doesn't exist. $ 10 billion a year is being spent to deploy it in the US, and the Bush team has pushed strongly for sites in Poland and the Czech Republic. That has irritated both our European allies and our potential adversary, Russia.
The administration has also pressed for NATO membership for new democracies such as Georgia and Ukraine. But those two countries have demonstrated that it takes more than an election to make a real democracy. The institutions that are the foundation of democracy cannot be built overnight, and NATO membership is not going to create them instanteously.
Georgia and Ukraine should therefore undergo a long trial period before they are considered for NATO membership - especially since the farmer treats its minorities poorly, harasses the opposition press, and started last summer's confrontation with Russia. Contrary to what Senator McCain proclaimed during the presidential campaign, we aren't all Georgians now. If we were we would either be reduced to making hollow threats or risking a confrontation our military can't affroad.
While Rusia clearly overreacted in Georgia and is showing antidemocratic tendencies, the US need Russia's cooperaion on a host of issue far more than it needs more weak members of NATO. Some armchair generals would rather confront Russia than let it have its own sphere of influence, but there is little real choice.
The main reason these policies are being pushed is that they are part of Mr. Bush's attempt to set a legacy. Like Guantanamo and torture, Mr. Obama should end them as soon as possible, whether or not the realists or idealists like it.
Dennis Jett, a former US ambassador to Mozambique and Peru, is a professor of international affairs at Penn State's School of International Affair. His most recent book is "Why American Foreign Policy Fails: Unsafe at Home and Despised Abroad."
When not offering the realist are usually found debating each other. The realist – exemplified by former Secretary of state Henry Kissinger – says it is anarchy out there so every country’s survival, even it that negatively affects other countries
The idealist – exemplified by President Woodrow Wilson – believe, a bit like Rodney King, that all nations ought to be able to just get along. They say countries should cooperate because all will be better off and that, in today’s ever more globalized world, no country can go at alone
To be sure the realist/idealist debate is not the only one international affairs. The expert place themselves in many camps as they do battle over a world with which some of them have had little contact. But they are two colors journalistist and pundits often use when painting a picture of foreign policy.
George W. Bush was described as coming to power as a hard-nosed realist who scomed enterprises enterprises such as nation building. now a common story line has him leaving office as an idealist who believes there is nothing agood dose democracy - spoon-fed by massive US intervention, if need be - won't cure. Bill Clinton, on the other hand, was said to have arrived in Washington as an idealist, only to leave as a realist. Having to confront the limits to which other countries are willing and able to cooperate can make a leader feel mugged by reality.
Can a president's worldview realy change so radically? or is it just a change in tactics and the therotic used to disguise them? Regardless, Obama should avoid the grand theorities and base his policies on pragmatism. pragmatism does not rigidly adhere to any ideology, but instead simply ask: Will this work? That doesnot imply ognoring our principless, but it does require an appreciation for the art of the possible. Pragmatism, like bipartisanship, is promised far more often than it is delivered. Hillary Clinton asserted in her confirmation hearings this week that the new administration will have a pragmatic foreign policy. That won't be easy, as it is more likely to procedure result in the long run than sound bites for the next news cycle. And her effectiveness abroad may be limmited by the pressure she'll face to respond to interest groups at home. it will also lead to criticism from realists and idealists. consider missile defense and NATO expansion. Missile defense is popular with realist because it fits their philosophy and because they are often found in think tanks supported by defense contractors. it is a system that does not work, how ever, to combat a threat that doesn't exist. $ 10 billion a year is being spent to deploy it in the US, and the Bush team has pushed strongly for sites in Poland and the Czech Republic. That has irritated both our European allies and our potential adversary, Russia.
The administration has also pressed for NATO membership for new democracies such as Georgia and Ukraine. But those two countries have demonstrated that it takes more than an election to make a real democracy. The institutions that are the foundation of democracy cannot be built overnight, and NATO membership is not going to create them instanteously.
Georgia and Ukraine should therefore undergo a long trial period before they are considered for NATO membership - especially since the farmer treats its minorities poorly, harasses the opposition press, and started last summer's confrontation with Russia. Contrary to what Senator McCain proclaimed during the presidential campaign, we aren't all Georgians now. If we were we would either be reduced to making hollow threats or risking a confrontation our military can't affroad.
While Rusia clearly overreacted in Georgia and is showing antidemocratic tendencies, the US need Russia's cooperaion on a host of issue far more than it needs more weak members of NATO. Some armchair generals would rather confront Russia than let it have its own sphere of influence, but there is little real choice.
The main reason these policies are being pushed is that they are part of Mr. Bush's attempt to set a legacy. Like Guantanamo and torture, Mr. Obama should end them as soon as possible, whether or not the realists or idealists like it.
Dennis Jett, a former US ambassador to Mozambique and Peru, is a professor of international affairs at Penn State's School of International Affair. His most recent book is "Why American Foreign Policy Fails: Unsafe at Home and Despised Abroad."
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